Compute specific growth rates ($\mu = \frac{\ln(X_2) - \ln(X_1)}{t_2 - t_1}$), microbial doubling times ($t_d = \frac{\ln 2}{\mu}$), biomass yield on substrate ($Y_{X/S} = \frac{\Delta X}{\Delta S}$), and product yield ($Y_{P/S}$).